Rafa Rivas / AFP-Getty Images The dazzling buildings of the boom, and their subdued counterparts today
By Cathleen McGuigan
During the boom years after Frank Gehry's hugely successful Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, opened in 1997, other cities, institutions, and real-estate developers all over the world increasingly used spectacular architecture to try to attract international attention. But now that the economy has cooled and construction has slowed, at least in the U.S. and Europe, everyone's wondering, what's next? What will follow the so-called Bilbao Effect? What will architects come up with instead of all those cutting-edge iconic buildings that so defined the new millennium? Architecture is likely to be simpler and quieter, with innovation geared toward sustainability and technology rather than can-you-top-this design. Architects are also turning more of their attention toward urban design, developing social and civic projects, and creating public spaces. Buildings are likely to become less about twist and shout, and more about function and simplicity. Pointlessly pointy architecture? That is so over.
Morry Gash / AP That Was Then
Milwaukee Art Museum. 2001. The first project in the U.S. by the Spaniard Santiago Calatrava, best known for his beautiful bridges, was to expand the museum originally designed by Eero Saarinen. Calatrava's new galleries inside were upstaged by his extravagant design outside for a movable winglike brise-soleil, or sunscreen, with a potential span wider than a 747-400's.
Scott Frances This Is Now
North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh. 2010. The West Building, an expansion of the existing museum, opened this spring. Designed by Tom Phifer of New York, the 65,000-square-foot one-story structure is not just a box but a carefully detailed pavilion that brings in natural light and allows the art to shine in an atmosphere of serene calm.
J.P. Moczulski / Reuters-Landov That Was Then
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. 2007. Designed by Daniel Libeskind, architect of the Jewish Museum in Berlin and winner of the competition to plan Ground Zero in New York, this sharply angular steel addition to the old museum has been controversial from the beginning. One of Toronto's newspaper critics hailed it as "a monument," while a rival critic called the design "hellish."
Hayes Davidson and Herzog & de Meuron This Is Now
Tate Modern 2, London. Not built. The Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron created one of the must-see art museums in the world with the Tate Modern, which opened in a rehabbed power station in2000. It's been so successful that the museum needs an addition to handle more than 4 million annual visitors, and Herzog & de Meuron first proposed what looked like a fractured glass ziggurat with big chunky protrusions. That extraordinary design has now been vastly simplified into a sleeker, though still shapely, tower.
Frederic J. Brown / AFP-Getty Images That Was Then
CCTV headquarters, Beijing. Not yet complete. Designed by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas and partner Ole Scheeren of OMA, this radical rethinking of a skyscraper into one continuous loop--with 5 million square feet of floor space--was originally supposed to open by the time of the 2008 Olympics. An engineering feat, the structure is already a landmark in the Chinese capital. In early 2009 a smaller adjacent building in the complex--meant to house a hotel, theaters, and studios--caught fire during Chinese New Year's celebrations and is being rebuilt.
Foster + Partners This Is Now
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 2010. One of the grande dames of American museums, the neoclassical building has a new addition by Foster + Partners of London that will open this fall. The new wing is contemporary but discreet, an artful intervention in glass and granite from the same Maine quarry as the stone in the original building.
Gravestmor / Flickr.com That Was Then
Yokohama Ferry Terminal, Japan, 2002. The design of this unusual work of infrastructure, with its curving landscape-like roof, brought instant fame to Foreign Office Architects of London when its young partners won an international competition to design it. It's a good example of the experimental ideas that emerged during the boom years for architecture.
worldarchitecturenews.com This Is Now
Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2010. This museum expansion is really a reorganization of an existing complex. In the subtle design by James Carpenter of New York, three new glass pavilions near the entrance contain the amenties--restaurant, shop, ticketing--while an elegantly simple passageway will lead visitors through a garden up a hill to the renovated museum.
Rafa Rivas / AFP-Getty Images That Was Then
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao. 1997. Frank Gehry's fantastic building launched a trend and put Bilbao, a once gritty industrial city in northern Spain, on the tourist map. People flocked to the museum as much to see the architecture as to see the art inside. The museum has even made it into the movies, the same way the Sydney Opera House has come to stand for Australia.
Jeff Chiu / AP This Is Now
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 2008. Renzo Piano's replacement of the old Academy building--damaged in a 1989 earthquake--earned a LEED platinum rating for its sustainable features, such as its rolling green roof (the "hills" are domes in the interior) planted with native species. But this is more than a green building, it's an elegantly simple, well-designed structure.
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